Frequency control system



2 Sheets-Sheet l um @En ww.

D. S. BOND El" AL FREQUENCY CONTROL.` SYSTEM VApril 2o, 1954 Filed nec. s, '1949 Patented Apr. 2Q, 1954 FREQUENCY CONTROL SYSTEM Donald S'. Bond and Donald G. Moore, Princeton,

N. J., assignors to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware Application December 3, 1949, Serial No. 130,964

l1 Claims. :(Cl. Z50- 36) This invention relates to frequency control systems, and more particularly to systems for automatically maintaining the frequency of an oscillator exactly equal to that of a reference,

oscillator.

This invention constitutes an improvement over the arrangement disclosed in the copendng Bond application, Serial No. 132,153, filed December 9, 1949, which ripened on June 30, 1953, into Patent No. 2,644,138. In said copending application, there is disclosed a system for synchronizing a controlled oscillator with a reference osciln lator, such system utilizing a more or less conventional balanced modulator employing the usual transformer or transformers for securing push-pull and push-push inputs to the detectors or rectiers of the modulator. Such an arrangement becomes less and less suitable as the frequency is raised, so that at radio frequencies of the order of 100' megacycles or higher other methods are desirable or necessary.

Therefore, an object of this invention is to devise a suitable system for synchronizing an ultra-high frequency or super-high frequency oscillator with a reference oscillator.

' the two oscillators of a frequency control system utilizing controlled and reference oscillators.

Yet another object is to provide a wide-band balanced modulator' in a frequency control system employing controlled and reference oscillators.

The foregoing and other objects of the present invention will be best understood from the follow-'f ing description of some exemplications thereof, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a frequency control system to which this invention is applicable; y

Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a practical frequency control and phase-locking system ac cording to this invention; and

Figs. 3 5 are detailed lllustrauns of several such I iatl'terlative diplexel's useful in the system. of 1g.

The objects of this invention are accomplished, briefly, in the following manner:

Signals from the reference and the controlled oscillators are fed into a radio frequency `bridge or hybrid balanced circuit, termed a diplexer, through the operation of which push-pull and push-push outputs are obtained, and thence to the rectiers of a balanced detector or balanced modulator circuit. In this way, isolation between the two source oscillators is achieved, while the combination of the circuit and the rectiers performs the function of a balanced modulator. An amplifier and a control means, associated with the controlled oscillator, provide means for securing synchronism and phase-locking of the two oscillators. Several alternative R. F. circuit arrangements are disclosed herein.

Referring now to Fig. l, controlled oscillator I has a portion of its output applied by path 3 to a balanced phase detector 5. Reference oscillator 'I has its output. similarly applied by. path 9 to phase detector 5. Output signals from detector 5 are fed by connection 24 through a low pass lter 22 and thence by path I I to a frequency control means Ill, which in turn is connected by connection I5 to appropriate input terminals of oscillator I. It may be noted that in certain types of oscillators the parts I, Iii and I5, shown separately, actually are indistinguishable parts of the same device, as for example in a reflex klystron. The description that follows is not changed, as applied to such oscillators, in any salient respect inasmuch as connections 3 and I remain accessible for all systems of this invenion.

Although the lter unit 22 has been described as being "low pass, it is desired to be made clear that the term low is only relative, and that such filter is low pass only when referred to the .output frequency of oscillator I. Actually, unit 22 faithfully transmits all frequenciesfrom zero up to a video frequency such astwool; three megacycles. l K As disclosed in the aforementioned Bond application, an output signal from reference oscillator 'l is fed in push-pull to the two rectiers included in balanced phase detector 5, while an output signal from controlled oscillator I is fed in push-push to such two rectiers. Volta-ges are developed by phase detector 5 whenever the outy put frequencies of oscillators I and 'I are unequal and whenever the relative phase of such outputs differs from degrees. The phase detector 5 operates as disclosed in Pomeroy Patent 2,288,625, dated June 30, i942, and in the cepending Beard et al. application, Serial No. 56,97%, led October 28, i948. Said Beard et al. application ripened on February 5, 1952, into Patent #2,584,730. The voltages appearing in the output of detector act via 22 to cause the frequency control iii to maintain. the 'controlled oscillator kl in synchronisrn with reference oscillator l and at a 90 degree relative phase therewith. This frequency control action will become clearer as the description proceeds.

If desired, the reference oscillator 1 Amay be frequency modulated, thereby producing by the control system of this invention corresponding frequency modulation of the controlled oscillator I, as disclosed in the aforementioned Bondapplication; alternatively, as disclosed in Fig. 2 herein, the reference oscillator l may be a stable crystal-controlled oscillatory source, the control system of this invention then being used `for phase-locking or automatic frequency control of oscillator l.

Fig. 2 illustrates somewhat schematically a practical `phase-locking or lfrequency control system according to this invention, in which the oscillator i to be synchronized to a reference oscillator, or to be frequency stablized or phaselocked such' that a definite phase relation is maintained between the outputs oi the reference and controlled oscillators, is in the ultra-high frequency or super-high frequency rang-e; such an oscillator i is illustrated as being amagnetron. Magnetron i has a conventional cathode 25 (the outer shell of the magnetron being grounded as shown) which is connected through a video modulator 23 to the negative terminal .of a high voltage .power supplytil the positive terminal of which is grounded. Video input is applied to modulator 23 to plate modulator magnetron l inv an amplitude modulation manner. The magnetron l preferably has embodied therein a plurality of frequency control means known as FM guns, only one of which is indicated in Fig. 2, 'but each of which consists of an electron-emitting cathode S2 and an electron flow control element 64. By the application of a suitable bias voltage between cathodes 32 and elements 31"., the output frequency of magnetron i may be controlled. For a more complete disclosure of such frequency control means, reference is made to the copending but now abandoned Smith application, Serial No.563,732, filed November 16, 1944. In an embodiment of this invention actually built and tested, magnetron l had an output frequency of 825 me., as indicated in Fig. 2.

Magnetron l feeds'a suitable load E, which may for example be a transmitting antenna, by means of a feed line 35. A small portion of the output vof magnetron i is taken oil by a transmission line 23 andfed as one of the inputs to a diplexer 2|, to be later described. Dipiexer 2l serves `to make the electrical coupling between the reference and controlled oscillators negligible, while at the same time serving as a means to secure push-,pull (antiphasal) and push-push ('cophasal) inputs to the detectors or diode rectiiiers of a balanced phase detector. lt has been found that the balanced phase detector disclosed in the aforementioned Bond application, utilizing or employing as it does a transformer, becomes less and less suitable as the frequency is raised, so that at radio frequencies on the order of 100 mc. or higher, other coupling arrangements are desirable or necessary. Consequently,

the dipleXer Zi is utilized to provide push-push and push-pull inputs to the rectifiers of the phase detector from the controlled and reference oscillators, in order to provide a balanced phase detector. Line 23, which constitutes path 3, provides input from controlled oscillator I to diplexer 2l.

vReference oscillator l, which in Fig. 2 is a stable oscillator, consists of a plurality of units connected in cascade, these units being a crystal oscillator 33 operating at 91% mc., an amplifier 40, a first frequency tripler i2 and a second frequency tripler lli which provides a frequency of 825 mc. as its output. The output of tripler fit, which serves as the output of the reference oscillator is applied as the reference oscillator input to diplexer .2l by means of a suitable transmission line 25 which consiitutes path S.

One of the output connections 2i of dipleirer 2i applies power through a suitable high-pass filter 4S vand matching section 53 to a detector circuit 59, while the other output connection 2t of said diplexer applies power through a similar high-pass filter 5i! and matching section l:l5 to a detector circuit 5i. The matching sections 53 and 55 may consist of double-stub tuners or other suitable matching units. If double-stub tuners are used, these units are adjusted. in a well-known manner so that each presents an input impedance R (the impedance of circuits :t9 and 5l) when detectors i9 and 5l are connected as shown in Fig. 2.

One of the detector units, for example 5i, will be described in more detail. lt includes a rectier 'i consisting of anode 5t and heated cathode ti of a coaxial diode like that manufactured by applicants assignee and. designated R62'71C. Alternatively, a crystal detector such as that manufactured commercially and designated lNZlB may be substituted here, in an obvious manner.

Capacitor 53, of low impedance at signal irequency, serves as the R. F. return circuit for the rectifier. The D. C. or video-freduency7 rectifier load consists of resistor 65. iarts 553 and 65 corriprise part of the low-pass filter 22 in Fig. 1.

The two load resistor, '55 and a similar resistor (not shown) in circuit t9, are connected by conductors 'H and il@ to the balanced or pushpull input of a D. C. and video ampliier l... The characteristics of this amplifier are such that frequencies from aero up to an audio or video frequency are transmitted and amplified. The design of amplifier i3 is more or less conventional. f desired, the two rectifier load resistors may be included at the input end of amplifier "13, as apart of such amplier.

The output of amplifier '33 applied to a plurality, here shown as live, of series-connected voltage regulator-glow tubes 52 across which is connected a condenser #28. These tubes 52 in effect serve the same purpose as a battery, to provide a more or less constant voltage therea-cross, which voltage has the vpolarity indicated. The negative/end ofthe array of tubes 52 is ccnnected to the grid Elli of triode 5i? connected as a cathode follower amplier stage, a cathode resister 58 being connected between the cathode oi tube 55 and a point of fixe-d potential, in the usual manner. Bias supply till has the positive terminal thereof connected to the lower end of resistor and its negative terminal connected to grid through a resistor 52, to provide proper grid cias for the cathode follower stage. A Boil-volt power supply 61' furnishesoperating or plate potential for tube 56.

The upper end of load resistor 58 is connected directly to the control elements 34 of the FM guns in magnetron I, while the lower end of such resistor is connected through a suitable bias voltage supply 64 to the cathodes 32 of such guns. In this way, the voltage across load resistor 58 is effectively applied between the cathodes 32 and control elements 34 of the FM guns as a variable or controllable bias voltage for such guns, to produce changes in output frequency of magnetron I in response to the appearance of a voltage across resistor 58. The proper anode potential for the FM guns is provided by means of a source of potential 66 the positive terminal of which is grounded (as is the magnetron envelope) and the negative terminal of which is connected to FM gun cathodes 32.

'I'he units and circuit components between amplier 13 and magnetron I in Fig. 2 correspond to the frequency control means I and connection I5 in Fig. l. The output of the balanced phase detector 2|, 21, 29, 46, 50, 53, 55, 49 and 5I may consist of alternating or direct voltages or both, and these voltages appearing across resistor 58 control, by means of the FM guns, the output frequency of magnetron oscillator I to maintain it exactly equal to the output frequency of reference oscillator 'I and at a fixed relative phase (90 degrecs) therewith.

The mode of operation of the system of Fig. 1, including balanced phase detector 5, has been described in the aforementioned Bcnd application. The improvements that distinguish the present invention over said Bond application will now be described in connection with Figs. 3, 4 and 5.

' In Fig. 3, parts similar to those of Fig. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals. Fig. 3 is a rather detailed showing of a preferred form of diplexer 2| usable in the system of Fig. 2 and which may take the place of the transformercoupled input arrangement of the phase detector of the said Bond application, for use at ultra-high frequencies or super-high frequencies. It will become apparent that the unit 2| of Fig. 3 consists of coaxial elements so arranged that isolation between the oscillatory sources is obtained, while at the same time achieving push-push and push-pull couplings to the rectiers, as desired. Two input circuits 23 and 25 receive signals from oscillators I and 1 respectively andare arranged to be conjugate to each other, so that essentially no power applied to 23 is transferred to 25 and vice versa. Two output connections 21 and 29 receive power from both inputs 23 and 25.

It is essential to the operation of the device that the waves appearingat corresponding points of 21 and 29 be in phase when signal is applied to 23 (that is, that signal applied to 23 appear pushpush or cophasally at the output connections), and that the waves appearing at corresponding points of 21 and 29 be of opposite phase when signal is applied to 25 (that is, that signal applied to 25 appear push-pull or antiphasally at the output connections). These requirements are met in diplexer 2| of Fig. 3.

The center conductor 3| of input 25 has the corresponding coaxial outer conductor 33. Conductor 33 is slotted from point 35 to the ends 31, 39 thereof, the length of the slot :being approximately 1A; wavelength at the operating frequency of 825 mc. Inner conductor 3| connects to end 31. This is a well-known means for transforming from an unbalanced coaxial circuit to a balanced matching purposes.

coaxial circuit and is commonly called a balun By reason of the above-described arrangement, ends 31 and 39 are excited in phase opposition or in push-pull from input 25 or from reference oscillator 1.

Inner conductor 4| of input 23 is attached to conductor 33 at point 43. Conductor 33 serves as the inner conductor of a coaxial circuit in conjunction with outer conductor 45. Two circuits are seen by an observer looking in at point 43. The iirst, comprising the inner conductor 33 from point 43 to short-circuiting disc 41, which is a direct metallic connection between conductors 33 and 45, together with the corresponding outer conductor 45, is a coaxial element approximately 1/4 wavelength long at the operating frequency. Since it is short-circuited by 41 it presents a very high impedance at point 43 and therefore its effect on the circuit 23 to which it is connected may be neglected. I

The coaxial circuit including the portion!y of conductor 33 extending from point 43 to 31 and 33 behaves as if no slot were present, since only axial currents flow. This portion of the circuit (from 43 to 31 and 39) is likewise approximately 1A; wavelength long at the operating frequency, ibut is not short-circuited as is the other or righthand half of conductor 33. Cophasal or pushpush voltages appear at ends 31 and k3l) due to input at 23 from controlled oscillator I. Output connection 21 is coupled to end 39, while output connection 29 is coupled to end 31.

For a somewhat more detailed description of the diplexer 2| -of Fig. 3, reference is made t0 Brown Patent 2,454,907, dated November 30, 1948.

While the dimensions including the relative diameters of inner and outer conductors of the coaxial circuits comprising diplexer 2| have not been described herein, methods are well-known for transforming the impedances properly for We prefer to adjust the impedances of the various portions in such a manner that when resistive terminations each of magnitude R are connected to outputs 21 and 29 the impedance measured at either 23 or 25 will also be-R.

The circuit arrangement of diplexer 2| may be compared with that of the circuit of Fig. 2 of the said Bond application. Transformer 13 of Bond has as its equivalent herein the system comprising parts 3I, 33 of Fig. 3. Likewise, input from 12 of Fig. 2 of Bond has as its equivalent, in Fig. 3 herein, parts 23, 33 and 45 connected to source I. It is obvious from symmetry that oscillators I and 1 may be interchanged at will.

An alternative arrangement including ak ringtype R. F. circuit for balanced phas edetector 5 is illustrated in Fig. 4, in which parts functionallyY similar to those of Figs. 1, 2 or 3 have the same reference numerals. The diplexer 2| of Fig. 4 is a ring made up of coaxial conductors 15, 11, 19 `and 3|. Conductors 15, 'Il and 19 are each approximately 1/4 wavelength long, while conductor III is 1% wavelength long, measured in each case'at the nominal operating radio frequency. j

Inputs 83 and 35 stand in conjugate relationship to each other since one is connected to the other by two paths 11, 15 and 19, 8| respectively; these two paths differ in length by 1/2 wavelength. If there is appreciable attenuation in the conductors it may be necessary to incorporate attenuators in 15 or 11 to equalize the losses around the two paths.

Signals entering 83 from oscillator I arrive at the detectors `coupled to high-pass filters 5B and 46Siin'ftlie:f'san'relsphase.' sinceA conductors Y'il't and two paths (il and '19, hfih dinering by whole wavelength;` hence the component signals from- Furthermore-85 Eil reinforce each other at 2e., islcoupled to El by two paths (ti and 15,11', l) each of @il wavelength, while` .is coupledio 2S by 'path'l'ii of 1/4- wavelength,'so that signals entering terrein tripler dil. (of oscillator l) yarrive al1-'outputs and 29 `with a phase difierence of loxdegrees becauseqof the additional 1/2 wavelength path which musthe traversedbetween 85 and'Z'Lfas compared to that `oetween 35 and 29. Thepath'i, lli, 'Il between lili and 2S diiers in length from path E :by a-whole wavelength, so that the component signals from S5 reinforce each other-at 2a Thus, diplexer arrangement El' of Fig.-4 behaves-in a siinilar manner to the corresponding arrangement or" Fig.- 3. v

Inanot-her alternative arrangement, particularly suitable .for the frequency range in \'-.fl'iieh waveguides are commonly employed., a wave guide hybrid junction,.sornetimese called a magic-T,

issubstituted for-.parts 2i and 5G, E3, callo;

5 Il of the previously f described arrangements. This is illustrated'in 5, with parts having the samefunction as vthe vpreviously-dcsoriloed parts appropriately designated. lnF'ig. 5, input guides 23y and25 are conjugate to each other, while each can .feed signals to. detectors fiati in wave 2129. Consid rations of the odd and evensynimetry of the hybrid junction showA that-one input produces signals which are cophasal at detectors 49, lwhile the other produces signals which are antiphasal or in phaseopposition -at such detectors. Well-knownmeansl for matchingthe detectors-to the waveguides may be employed.

For-a somewhat more detailed explanationof theoperatiOn ci theniagic T as a mixer, reerence may be had to Bruck et al. Patent 2,4 62,8411, datedrMarch l, 1949. v

Still other arrangements for diplexer or hybrid uniti .2 lare well-known and are described, for example, in an article entitled Hybri Circuits for.y Microwaves, by .l/. A. Tyrrell, amnearingl in Proceedings .of the ERE, volume'SS, pagclila.

llovember;` 1947..

What we claim to-be our invention is asA follows LA .frequency control system comprising a" source o oscillatory-energy the. frequency of which tobe controlled, a source of oscillatory energy of stable frequency', a diplexer unit having-a plurality of intercoupled ultra-high frequency wave transmission members terminating with ai-pair of conjugate input couplings anda pair` of output couplings, means for supplying. oscillatory .energy or" only said controlled irequencyfroin .said first-named source to'onc of said input couplings, means coupling: the secondnained source to the other input coupling, therel 8. ponents ofthe wave' impressed cin-said circuits, said last-named means including a rectifier coupled to each of said `output couplingsan output load coupled to each of said rectiiiers, and means for applying the voltages developed across said output. loads to said iirst-nanied source to vary the frequencythereof, whereby the accuracy of the frequency control effected by said system is rendered substantially independent of temperature.

2j Afrequency control system in accordance withv claim i.; wherein the wave vtransmission members are coaxial transmission l' A frequency control. system accordance with claim'Vv l, wherein the :fave transmission members are waveguides.

4. .A frequency control system in accordance with clairn l, whereinrthe dipleizer is constructed and arranged to supply oscillatory energy from one of. ysaid sources cophasally to said rectiiers and oscillatory energy-troni the other oi" said sources antiphasally to re u rect. rs, and wherethedwafvev transmissi n .members are coaxial trans: iission lines.

5. A ige uency control system comprising a source ol oscillatoryv energy the fre- Yiency` of which is' to. he controlled, means operative to control the frequency of said source', a sou-ce or" oscillatory energy'o st iro ency, a d iplexer unit having a pluraliy of intcicoupled ultra-high frequency wave 'tiensrniss-ionrneinhers terminating with a pair of conjugate input co lings and-a pair or output couplings, i'oA supplying oscillatory energy of only said controlled frequency from said firstname-d source to one oi said input couplings, means coupling the second-named source to the other input coupling, thereby to supply oscillatory energy of only :Saidstahle frequency Ao sait. other input couplifor controlling the frequency orsaid-rst-na .oedsource from said two output couplings, said Output couplings "naving therein energy out of phase and other energy `inphase, last-named means haring twoV branches each including therein a high filter-and having `therein yonly circuits whose bandwidthsrare large in comparison with the sg ectruin` of the significant energy components Ytire-wave impressedonsaid circuits,A said lastnanied meansfincluding a rectifier coupled to eacho saidI two output couplings, a'separatc output load coupled to each of said. rectines, and means Vfor applyingl the voltages developed across each of said twooutput loads to said voltage-responsive means to control the frequency of said first-named source, whereby accuracy ci the ireoueucy control `effected hy said system is rendere .substantially independent of temperature.

6. A .frequency control system in with claim 5, wl'ierein. t members are coaxial .tran

7. A. frequency control system with claimt, .wherein the first-nai a magnetron.

vol-.tage-rcsponsive in the wave transmission members are coaxial transmission lines.

10. A frequency control system in accordance with claim 5, wherein the diplexer is constructed and arranged to supply oscillatory energy from one of said sources cophasally to said rectiiiers and oscillatory energy from the other of said sources antiphasally to said rectir'iers, and Wherein the wave transmission members are waveguides.

11. A frequency control system in accordance with claim 5, wherein the diplexer is constructed and arranged to supply oscillatory energy from one of said sources cophasally to said rectiiiers and oscillatory energy from the other of said sources antiphasally to said rectiers, wherein the first-named source is a magnetron, and

wherein the Wave transmission members are coaxial transmission lines.

References Cited in the ile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,410,817 Ginzton et al. Nov. 12, 1946 2,436,828 Ring Mar, 2, 1948 2,445,895 Tyrrell July 27, 1948 2,445,896 Tyrrell July 27, 1948 2,454,907 Brown Nov. 30, 1948 2,455,393 Varian Dec. 7, 1948 2,462,841 Bruck et a1. Mar. 1, 1949 2,468,166 Bruck Apr. 26, 1949 2,475,474 Bruck et al. July 5, 1949 2,486,001 Bruck et al. Oct. 25, 1949 

